[C++][Compute] Add fixed_size_binary support to more compute functions

The following compute functions do not support fixed_size_binary but do support binary via ARROW-13879:

• match_substring[_regex]
• split_pattern[_regex]
• replace_substring[_regex]
• match_like
• starts/ends_with
• extract_regex

Note: FixedSizeBinaryType does not have an offset_type alias in its class definition, but some of these kernel implementations use/expect offset_type (e.g., MatchSubstringImpl).